Transcriptional signature of islet neogenesis-associated protein peptide-treated rat pancreatic islets reveals induction of novel long non-coding RNAs.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with loss of ß-cell function and mass. An attractive therapeutic approach to treat patients with diabetes in a non-invasive way is to harness the innate regenerative potential of the pancreas. The Islet Neogenesis-Associated Protein pentadecapeptide (INGAP-PP) has been shown to induce ß-cell regeneration and improve their function in rodents. To investigate its possible mechanism of action, we report here the global transcriptional effects induced by the short-term INGAP-PP in vitro treatment of adult rat pancreatic islets. Methods and findings: Rat pancreatic islets were cultured in vitro in the presence of INGAP-PP for 4 days, and RNA-seq was generated from triplicate treated and control islet samples. We performed a de novo rat gene annotation based on the alignment of RNA-seq reads. The list of INGAP-PP-regulated genes was integrated with epigenomic data. Using the new gene annotation generated in this work, we quantified RNA-seq data profiled in INS-1 cells treated with IL1ß, IL1ß+Calcipotriol (a vitamin D agonist) or vehicle, and single-cell RNA-seq data profiled in rat pancreatic islets. We found 1,669 differentially expressed genes by INGAP-PP treatment, including dozens of previously unannotated rat transcripts. Genes differentially expressed by the INGAP-PP treatment included a subset of upregulated transcripts that are associated with vitamin D receptor activation. Supported by epigenomic and single-cell RNA-seq data, we identified 9 previously unannotated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) upregulated by INGAP-PP, some of which are also differentially regulated by IL1ß and vitamin D in ß-cells. These include Ri-lnc1, which is enriched in mature ß-cells. Conclusions: Our results reveal the transcriptional program that could explain the enhancement of INGAP-PP-mediated physiological effects on ß-cell mass and function. We identified novel lncRNAs that are induced by INGAP-PP in rat islets, some of which are selectively expressed in pancreatic ß-cells and downregulated by IL1ß treatment of INS-1 cells. Our results suggest a relevant function for Ri-lnc1 in ß-cells. These findings are expected to provide the basis for a deeper understanding of islet translational results from rodents to humans, with the ultimate goal of designing new therapies for people with diabetes.

SUMO conjugation regulates the activity of the Integrator complex.

RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcribes small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes in close proximity to Cajal bodies, subnuclear compartments that depend on the SUMO isopeptidase USPL1 for their assembly. We show here that overexpression of USPL1 as well as of another nuclear SUMO isopeptidase, SENP6, alters snRNA 3'-end cleavage, a process carried out by the Integrator complex. Beyond its role in snRNA biogenesis, this complex is responsible for regulating the expression of different RNAPII transcripts. While several subunits of the complex are SUMO conjugation substrates, we found that the SUMOylation of the INTS11 subunit is regulated by USPL1 and SENP6. We defined Lys381, Lys462 and Lys475 as bona fide SUMO attachment sites on INTS11 and observed that SUMOylation of this protein modulates its subcellular localization and is required for Integrator activity. Moreover, while an INTS11 SUMOylation-deficient mutant is still capable of interacting with INTS4 and INTS9, its interaction with other subunits of the complex is affected. These findings point to a regulatory role for SUMO conjugation on Integrator activity and suggest the involvement of INTS11 SUMOylation in the assembly of the complex. Furthermore, this work adds Integrator-dependent RNA processing to the growing list of cellular processes regulated by SUMO conjugation.

Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides papillosus) in lambs in Uruguay.

Here, we describe a spontaneous outbreak of strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides papillosus) in sheep in Uruguay. In a flock of 150 lambs, 60 animals became ill and 12 died within 3 weeks. Affected animals showed weakness, weight loss, enophthalmos and, in some cases, sudden death. Postmortem examination revealed muscle atrophy, dehydration, and small intestines with a foamy and liquid content. Histological examination of the duodenum and the jejunum showed a thick mucosa with severe villous atrophy, mononuclear mixed infiltrate in the lamina propria, and a large number of nematodes embedded in the mucosa, with numerous granulomas in the lamina propia. Small intestinal content analysis showed a total of 13,200 female nematodes in the duodenum and 2000 in the jejunum, identified as Strongyloides papillosus (Strongyloididae). This parasite has long been considered to behave as a commensal parasite or at least to cause significant disease only when present in large numbers. This report shows that Strongyloides papillosus can be highly pathogenic in sheep.

Stage-specific transcriptomic changes in pancreatic α-cells after massive ß-cell loss.

BACKGROUND: Loss of pancreatic insulin-secreting ß-cells due to metabolic or autoimmune damage leads to the development of diabetes. The discovery that α-cells can be efficiently reprogrammed into insulin-secreting cells in mice and humans has opened promising avenues for innovative diabetes therapies. ß-cell loss triggers spontaneous reprogramming of only 1-2% of α-cells, limiting the extent of regeneration. Most α-cells are refractory to conversion and their global transcriptomic response to severe ß-cell loss as well as the mechanisms opposing their reprogramming into insulin producers are largely unknown. Here, we performed RNA-seq on FAC-sorted α-cells to characterize their global transcriptional responses at different time points after massive ß-cell ablation. RESULTS: Our results show that α-cells undergo stage-specific transcriptional changes 5- and 15-days post-diphtheria toxin (DT)-mediated ß-cell ablation. At 5 days, α-cells transiently upregulate various genes associated with interferon signaling and proliferation, including Interferon Induced Protein with Tetratricopeptide Repeats 3 (Ifit3). Subsequently, at 15 days post ß-cell ablation, α-cells undergo a transient downregulation of genes from several pathways including Insulin receptor, mTOR and MET signaling. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here pinpoint novel markers discriminating α-cells at different stages after acute ß-cell loss, and highlight additional signaling pathways that are modulated in α-cells in this context.

Identification of Enzymatic Bottlenecks for the Aerobic Production of Malate from Glycerol by the Systematic Gene Overexpression of Anaplerotic Enzymes in Escherichia coli.

The biotechnological production of dicarboxylic acids (C4) from renewable carbon sources represents an attractive approach for the provision of these valuable compounds by green chemistry means. Glycerol has become a waste product of the biodiesel industry that serves as a highly reduced carbon source for some microorganisms. Escherichia coli is capable of consuming glycerol to produce succinate under anaerobic fermentation, but with the deletion of some tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle genes, it is also able to produce succinate and malate in aerobiosis. In this study, we investigate possible rate-limiting enzymes by overexpressing the C-feeding anaplerotic enzymes Ppc, MaeA, MaeB, and Pck in a mutant that lacks the succinate dehydrogenase (Sdh) enzyme. The overexpression of the TCA enzyme Mdh and the activation of the glyoxylate shunt was also examined. Using this unbiased approach, we found that phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (Ppc) overexpression enhances an oxidative pathway that leads to increasing succinate, while phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (Pck) favors a more efficient reductive branch that produces mainly malate, at 57.5% of the theoretical maximum molar yield. The optimization of the culture medium revealed the importance of bicarbonate and pH in the production of malate. An additional mutation of the ppc gene highlights its central role in growth and C4 production.

Lethal and semi-lethal mutations in Holstein calves in Uruguay / Mutações letais e semi-letais em bezerros da raça Holandesa no Uruguai

ABSTRACT: Genetic disorders in Holstein cattle are a health problem that has grown worldwide in recent years, compromising the sustainability of modern dairy production. In Uruguay, Holstein-based milk production is one of the most important sectors of the country's economy, but high levels of inbreeding have decreased the breed's fertility in recent decades. This study investigated the presence and diffusion of lethal and semi-lethal alleles causing embryo death, abortions, fetal malformations, and neonatal diseases in Holstein calves. Using the GeneSeek® Genomic Profiler™ Bovine 50K BeadChip, we genotyped 383 calves (1-30 days-old) from 27 farms located in the main dairy region of Uruguay. Results showed a high prevalence of farms (85%) and carrier calves (21%), including one or more of the following semi-lethal or lethal alleles: Syndactylism (4.18%), brachyspina (3.39%), cholesterol deficiency haplotype (2.61%), complex vertebral malformation (2.09%), bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (1.04%s), and Holstein haplotypes HH1 (4.44%), HH3 (3.13%), HH4 (1.04%), and HH5 (0.26%). Most of these alleles had not been recognized previously in Uruguay. We concluded that lethal and semi-lethal mutations are widespread in the Holstein breed in Uruguay. More studies are required to determine their impact on dairy cattle fertility.

RESUMO: Os distúrbios genéticos nos bovinos da raça Holandesa são um problema de saúde que cresceu nos últimos anos a nível mundial, comprometendo a sustentabilidade da produção leiteira moderna. No Uruguai, a produção leiteira com base na raça Holstein é um dos setores mais importantes da economia do país, mas altos níveis de endogamia diminuíram a fertilidade da raça nas últimas décadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença e difusão de alelos letais e semi-letais causando morte de embriões, abortos, malformações fetais e doenças neonatais em bezerros da raça Holandesa. Usando o BeadChip Bovino 50K GeneSeek® Genomic Profiler™, genotipamos 383 bezerros (menos de um mês) de 27 fazendas localizadas na principal região leiteira do Uruguai. Os resultados mostraram uma alta prevalência de fazendas (85%) e bezerros portadores (21%), incluindo um ou mais dos seguintes alelos letais ou semi-letais: sindactilismo (4,18%), braquipespina (3,39%), haplótipo de deficiência de colesterol (2,61%), malformação vertebral complexa (2,09%), deficiência de adesão de leucócitos bovinos (1,04% s) e haplótipos de Holstein HH1 (4,44%), HH3 (3,13%), HH4 (1,04%) e HH5 (0,26%). A maioria desses alelos não havia sido reconhecida anteriormente no país. Concluímos que as mutações letais e semi-letais são comuns na raça Holstein no Uruguai. Mais estudos são necessários para determinar seu impacto na fertilidade do gado leiteiro.

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in Aberdeen Angus cattle in Uruguay / Artrogripose múltipla congênita em bovinos Aberdeen Angus no Uruguai

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is reported for the first time in the Aberdeen Angus (AA) breed in Uruguay. In a commercial herd of 30 purebred Aberdeen Angus cows, two calves with severe musculoskeletal malformations died at birth. The cows had been inseminated using semen imported from Argentina from one elite AA sire only. At necropsy, one calf showed severe muscular atrophy, arthrogryposis affecting all four limbs and the spine, kyphoscoliosis and torticollis. Histopathology showed muscular atrophy with marked fiber size variation and abundant fibroadipose fibers. The central nervous system only showed congestion and edema due to dystocia, whereas the peripheral nerves and the number of motor neurons in the spinal appeared normal. DNA analysis confirmed arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. It is concluded that disease in Aberdeen Angus cattle is due to failure in the neuromuscular junction.(AU)

Artrogripose múltipla congênita é relatada pela primeira vez em bovinos Aberdeen Angus (AA) no Uruguai. Num rebanho comercial de 30 vacas a Aberdeen Angus, dois bezerros com graves malformações musculoesqueléticas morreram logo após o nascimento. As vacas foram inseminadas utilizando sêmen importado da Argentina, de apenas um touro de elite de AA. Na necropsia, um dos bezerros apresentava atrofia muscular grave, artrogripose afetando todos os quatro membros e a coluna vertebral, cifoscoliose e torcicolo. A histopatologia demonstrou atrofia muscular com acentuadas variações no tamanho das fibras e abundantes fibras fibroadiposas. O sistema nervoso central apresentava apenas congestão e edema devido à distocia, enquanto os nervos periféricos e o número de neurônios motores na medula espinhal pareciam normais. A análise de DNA confirmou artrogripose múltipla congênita. Concluiu-se que a doença em bovinos Aberdeen Angus se deve a falha na junção neuromuscular.(AU)

Mexico ants: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic-Neotropical interface.

Mexico is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, with an important proportion of endemism mainly because of the convergence of the Nearctic and Neotropical biogeographic regions, which generate great diversity and species turnover at different spatial scales. However, most of our knowledge of the Mexican ant biota is limited to a few well-studied taxa, and we lack a comprehensive synthesis of ant biodiversity information. For instance, most of the knowledge available in the literature on Mexican ant fauna refers only to species lists by states, or is focused on only a few regions of the country, which prevents the study of several basic and applied aspects of ants, from diversity and distribution to conservation. Our aims in this data paper are therefore (1) to compile all the information available regarding ants across the Mexican territory, and (2) to identify major patterns in the gathered data set and geographic gaps in order to direct future sampling efforts. All records were obtained from raw data, including both unpublished and published information. After exhaustive filtering and updating information and synonyms, we compiled a total of 21,731 records for 887 ant species distributed throughout Mexico from 1894 to 2018. These records were concentrated mainly in the states of Chiapas (n = 6,902, 32.76%) and Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (n = 4,329, 19.92%), which together comprise half the records. The subfamily with the highest number of records was Myrmicinae (n = 10,458 records, 48.12%), followed by Formicinae (n = 3,284, 15.11%) and Ponerinae (n = 1,914, 8.8%). Most ant records were collected in the Neotropical region of the country (n = 12,646, 58.19%), followed by the Mexican transition zone (n = 5,237, 24.09%) and the Nearctic region (n = 3,848, 17.72%). Native species comprised 95.46% of the records (n = 20,745). To the best of our knowledge, this is the most complete data set available to date in the literature for the country. We hope that this compilation will encourage researchers to explore different aspects of the population and community research of ants at different spatial scales, and to aid in the establishment of conservation policies and actions. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using its data for publications or teaching events.

Solar-induced dorsal skin necrosis in sheep.

BACKGROUND: Solar-induced thermal burns of dark skin over the dorsum have been reported in dogs, sheep and a pig. OBJECTIVES: This report describes an outbreak of solar-induced thermal burns over the dorsal skin of criollo and Texel sheep in Uruguay. ANIMALS AND METHODS: Cross-bred criollo and pure-bred Texel adult ewes from a flock of 80 animals presented with severe skin lesions. Eight animals were evaluated clinically and skin biopsy specimens were collected from three ewes for histopathology. Epidemiological data were collected. RESULTS: Black/brown criollo sheep presented with extensive, wide, linear dorsal skin necrosis extending from the interscapular to the lumbosacral area. Necrotic skin was firm, dry and largely detached from the underlying subcutis. Nonpigmented Texel sheep showed milder lesions with rapid re-epithelialization and healing. Histological features were consistent with third-degree burns, characterized by full-thickness coagulative necrosis of epidermis and dermis, including blood vessels and adnexa. The cumulative incidence of the disease was 21% during the 30 days post-shearing, affecting 50% of criollo and 7.4% of Texel sheep (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings are consistent with post-shearing, sun-induced thermal burns leading to dorsal skin necrosis. Risk factors include sunlight exposure during hot months after shearing, dark skin and obesity.

Equine pythiosis in the eastern wetlands of Uruguay / Pitiose equina em áreas úmidas do leste do Uruguai

Equine pythiosis is an ulcerative and granulomatous disease of the skin, caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum (Pythiaceae). The objective of this study was to describe seven cases of equine pythiosis that occurred from 2012 to 2017 in the eastern region of Uruguay. Six of the seven cases occurred in the eastern wetland ecosystems of the Merin basin, and the remaining case occurred in the wetland fluvial plains of the Tacuarembó River. Lesions consisted of a large, rapidly growing ulcerated tumor with abundant granulation tissue, serosanguineous secretion, and fistulous tracts containing large concretions or kunkers. The animals presented intense pruritus, claudication and loss of body condition, with death or euthanasia in extremis in six cases. The main histological lesions consisted of an eosinophilic and pyogranulomatous inflammatory process, with numerous foci of eosinophilic necrosis (kunkers), collagenolysis, and a Splendore-Hoeppli reaction. In all cases, silver coloration (Grocott) showed intralesional hyphae compatible with P. insidiosum, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in three cases. A horse in the terminal phase of the disease was treated with triamcinolone acetonide (50mg IM every 15 days), and fully recovered after 1 year. It is concluded that equine pythiosis is prevalent in the wetland ecosystems of eastern Uruguay and that treatment with triamcinolone is auspicious.(AU)

Pitiose é uma doença granulomatosa e ulcerativa da pele dos equinos causada pelo oomyceto Pythium insidiosum (Pythiaceae). O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever sete casos de pitiose equina que ocorreram de 2012 a 2017 na região leste do Uruguai. Seis dos sete casos ocorreram no ecossistema de áreas pantanosas da bacia da bacia da Lagoa Mirim Merin e o restante nas planícies fluviais pantanosas do rio Tacuarembó. As lesões se caracterizaram por tumores ulcerados de crescimento rápido com abundante tecido de granulação, secreção serossanguinolenta e presença de tratos fistulosos contendo material coraloide ou kunkers. Os equinos apresentavam prurido intenso, claudicação e perda da condição corporal e seis morreram ou foram eutanasiados in extremis. As principais lesões histológicas consistiam de um processo inflamatório piogranulomatoso com numerosos focos de necrose eosinofílicos (kunkers), colagenólise e reação de Splendori-Hoepli. Em todos os casos a impregnação pela prata (Grocott) revelou a presença de hifas intralesionais compatíveis com P. insidiosum, o que foi confirmado pela imuno-histoquímica em três casos. Um equino em fase terminal da doença foi tratado com triamcinolona acetonida (50mg, IM, a cada 15 dias), recuperando-se completamente após um ano. Conclui-se que a pitiose é uma enfermidade presente em áreas úmidas na região leste do Uruguai e o tratamento com triamcinolona pode ser uma alternativa promissora.(AU)

Isolation of pathogenic Leptospira strains from naturally infected cattle in Uruguay reveals high serovar diversity, and uncovers a relevant risk for human leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis with worldwide distribution. The causative agents are spirochete bacteria of the Leptospira genus, displaying huge diversity of serovars, the identity of which is critical for effective diagnosis and vaccination purposes. Among many other mammalian species, Leptospira infects cattle, eliciting acute signs in calves, and chronic disease in adult animals often leading to abortions. In South America, and including in Uruguay, beef and dairy export are leading sources of national income. Despite the importance of bovine health, food safety, and bovine-related dissemination of leptospirosis to humans, extremely limited information is available as to the identity of Leptospira species and serovars infecting cattle in Uruguay and the South American subcontinent. Here we report a multicentric 3-year study resulting in the isolation and detailed characterization of 40 strains of Leptospira spp. obtained from infected cattle. Combined serologic and molecular typing identified these isolates as L. interrogans serogroup Pomona serovar Kennewicki (20 strains), L. interrogans serogroup Canicola serovar Canicola (1 strain), L. borgpetersenii serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo (10 strains) and L. noguchii (9 strains). The latter showed remarkable phenotypic and genetic variability, belonging to 6 distinct serogroups, including 3 that did not react with a large panel of reference serogrouping antisera. Approximately 20% of cattle sampled in the field were found to be shedding pathogenic Leptospira in their urine, uncovering a threat for public health that is being largely neglected. The two L. interrogans serovars that we isolated from cattle displayed identical genetic signatures to those of human isolates that had previously been obtained from leptospirosis patients. This report of local Leptospira strains shall improve diagnostic tools and the understanding of leptospirosis epidemiology in South America. These strains could also be used as new components within bacterin vaccines to protect against the pathogenic Leptospira strains that are actually circulating, a direct measure to reduce the risk of human leptospirosis.

Occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in Milchschaf sheep in Uruguay / Ocorrência do carcinoma de células escamosas em ovinos Milchschaf em Uruguai

ABSTRACT: In this study, the epidemiological and pathological features of an outbreak of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in adult female sheep and a young ram, Friesian Milchschaf breed or crossbreed is described. Seven adult females belonging to an original flock nucleus of 20 animals were affected, as well as a young ram belonging to the same nucleus was affected in other establishment. Multiple verrucous neoplastic masses of several months of evolution were evident in the head region, with local invasion and regional lymph node metastases. Histological studies revealed a cancerous stage of invasion of the dermis and neoplastic proliferation characteristic of invasive SCC, and a pre-cancerous stage with solar elastosis and chronic solar keratosis lesions induced by sunlight. Decrease in latitude, increased level of solar radiation with long exposure to sunlight, and the phenotypic characteristics of the breed are the main factors responsible for the high prevalence of SCC, showing the susceptibility of the Friesian Milchschaf breed and crossbreed in temperate zones as Uruguay.

RESUMO: Neste estudo descrevem-se as características epidemiológicas e patológicas de um surto de carcinoma de células escamosas (SCC) em ovelhas adultas e ram jovem, raça Friesian Milchschaf ou cruza. Foram afetadas sete fêmeas adultas pertencentes a um núcleo de rebanho original de 20 animais, bem como um ram jovem pertencente ao mesmo núcleo em que foi afetado em outro estabelecimento. Múltiplas neoplásicas verrucosas de vários meses de evolução foram evidentes na região principal, com invasão local e metástases de linfonodos regionais. Estudos histológicos revelaram um estágio cancerígeno de invasão da derme e proliferação neoplásica característica do SCC invasivo e um estágio pré-cancerígeno com elastose solar e lesões de ceratose solar crônica induzidas pela luz solar. A diminuição da latitude, o aumento do nível de radiação solar com longa exposição à luz solar e as características fenotípicas da raça são os principais fatores responsáveis pela alta prevalência de SCC, mostrando a susceptibilidade da raça Friesian Milchschaf e cruzada em zonas temperadas como o Uruguai.

Poisoning of sheep by Vernonia plantaginoides (Less.) Hieron in Uruguay.

Vernonia plantaginoides (Less.) Hieron, previously known as Vernonia squarrosa, is a rhizomatous subshrub with purple flowers that is prevalent in the natural grassland of Uruguay, Argentina, and southern Brazil. We report an outbreak of V. plantaginoides (yuyo moro) intoxication in sheep in Treinta y Tres Department, northeastern Uruguay. A total of 54 of 463 (12%) recently weaned lambs died 2-7 days after entering a natural pasture that had been invaded by sprouting V. plantaginoides The first cases were found dead. Affected lambs showed marked jaundice, edema of the face, ears, and eyelids, and severe photodermatitis. At the autopsies of 3 lambs, the carcass was yellow, the liver was enlarged with a marked acinar pattern ("nutmeg liver"), and hemorrhages were observed on serous membranes. Microscopic lesions were characterized by diffuse periacinar hepatocellular necrosis and cholemic nephrosis. Three female lambs were experimentally dosed with the aerial parts of V. plantaginoides collected immediately after the outbreak. The lamb that was dosed once with 40 g/kg body weight died after 36 h with severe hepatic necrosis. The lamb dosed with 20 g/kg daily for 4 days showed clinical signs and microscopic lesions in the liver with multiple apoptotic hepatocytes in the periacinar zone. The third lamb, dosed with 30, 17, and 15 g/kg daily over 3 days, respectively, showed transient clinical signs and a rise in liver enzymes, but recovered, and no lesions were found postmortem. These results demonstrate that V. plantaginoides was responsible for severe field outbreaks of poisoning in sheep in Uruguay.

[Chromophobe cell renal carcinoma. Clinico-pathologic study of 36 cases]. / Carcinoma renal de células cromófobas. Un estudio clínico patológico de 36 casos.

INTRODUCTION: Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (CCRC) comprises 5% of neoplasms of renal tubular epithelium. CCRC may have a slightly better prognosis than clear cell carcinoma, but outcome data are limited. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we analyzed 250 renal cell carcinomas to a) determine frequency of CCRC at our Hospital and b) analyze clinical and pathologic features of CCRCs. METHODS: A total of 250 renal carcinomas were analyzed between March 1990 and March 1999. Tumors were classified according to well-established histologic criteria to determine stage of disease; the system proposed by Robson was used. RESULTS: Of 250 renal cell carcinomas analyzed, 36 were classified as chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, representing 14% of the group studied. The tumors had an average diameter of 14 cm. Robson staging was possible in all cases, and 10 patients were stage 1) 11 stage II; 10 stage III, and five stage IV. The average follow-up period was 4 years and 18 (53%) patients were alive without disease. CONCLUSION: The highly favorable pathologic stage (RI-RII, 58%) and the fact that the majority of patients were alive and disease-free suggested a more favorable prognosis for this type of renal cell carcinoma.

Carcinoma renal de células cromófobas. Un estudio clínico patológico de 36 casos / Chromophobe cell renal carcinoma. Clinico-pathologic study of 36 cases

INTRODUCTION: Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (CCRC) comprises 5 of neoplasms of renal tubular epithelium. CCRC may have a slightly better prognosis than clear cell carcinoma, but outcome data are limited. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we analyzed 250 renal cell carcinomas to a) determine frequency of CCRC at our Hospital and b) analyze clinical and pathologic features of CCRCs. METHODS: A total of 250 renal carcinomas were analyzed between March 1990 and March 1999. Tumors were classified according to well-established histologic criteria to determine stage of disease; the system proposed by Robson was used. RESULTS: Of 250 renal cell carcinomas analyzed, 36 were classified as chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, representing 14 of the group studied. The tumors had an average diameter of 14 cm. Robson staging was possible in all cases, and 10 patients were stage 1) 11 stage II; 10 stage III, and five stage IV. The average follow-up period was 4 years and 18 (53) patients were alive without disease. CONCLUSION: The highly favorable pathologic stage (RI-RII, 58) and the fact that the majority of patients were alive and disease-free suggested a more favorable prognosis for this type of renal cell carcinoma.

Tumor seroso limítrofe de ovario: presentación de un caso y revisión del tema / Borderline ovarian serous tumor: presentation of a case and review of the literature

La categoría de los tumores limítrofes fue creada dentro del grupo de las neoplasias epiteliales malignas con el fin de describir un grupo his-tológico que tiene por lo general un pronóstico superior al de los carcinomas. Los tumores serosos limítrofes son definidos como neoplasias que manifiestan una proliferación epitelial mayor que la observada en el cistadenoma seroso, pero sin evidencia alguna de destrucción estromal invasiva. Cuando los tumores limítrofes están circunscritos a los ovarios (etapa I) el pronóstico es excelente: después de remover el tumor no es necesario administrar ningún otro tratamiento adyuvante. En el presente trabajo se analizan las características clínicas y patológicas de una mujer con diagnóstico de tumor seroso limítrofe del ovario (etapa I). A la paciente se le realizó histerectomía abdominal total con salpingooforectomía bilateral y omentectomía. El reconocimiento de la conducta clínica y de las diferentes apariencias morfológicas que podrían manifestar los tumores limítrofes es importante para evitar exponer a las pacientes a tratamientos exagerados.

Inclusiones epiteliales benignas en ganglios linfáticos pélvicos. Informe de dos casos / Ephitlial inclusions bening in pelvic lymphnodes: a report of two cases

Un gran número de inclusiones ganglionares epiteliales, diferentes a la endometriosis o rara vez inclusiones de tipo no epitelial han sido descritas en diversas localizaciones anatómicas. El desconocimiento de su presencia podría ocasionar que fueran erróneamente consideradas como parte un proceso metastásico maligno.En los últimos años, la laparotomía etapificadora que incluye linfadenectomía abdominal, inspección de la superficie peritoneal, biopsias múltiples y resección de lesiones sospechosas, se ha convertido en el procedimiento más empleado en el tratamiento de una gran variedad de neoplasias malignas del tracto genital femenino. Durante el curso de la cirugía pélvica o abdominal, realizada por un proceso benigno o por la sospecha de uno maligno, el gran número de lesiones que pueden ser extirpadas, y la presencia ocasional de inclusiones ganglionares podría llegar a producir un verdadero problema diagnóstico. Este error puede ser evitado si se está adecuadamente informado de la presencia de estas inclusiones, así como de los sitios anatómicos en donde se presentan, las características histológicas que las distinguen como benignas y sobre todo, sabiendo también que dichas inclusiones pueden presentarse en los ganglios linfáticos relacionados con el sitio en el que ocurre una enfermedad maligna o un proceso inflamatorio. El propósito de esta revisión es el de alertar a los patólogos y médicos en general hacia un grupo de lesiones que podrían remedar carcinomas metastásicos y enfocar su atención especialmente hacia la presencia de aquellas inclusiones que se presentan sincrónicamente con neoplasias malignas del tracto genital femenino. Recientemente, en nuestro servicio estudiamos dos casos de ganglios linfáticos pélvicos que se diagnosticaron, inicialmentel como carcinoma metastásico y que finalmente se demostró que correspondían a una hiperplasia de células mesoteliales y la otra a inclusiones ganglionares, respectivamente.

Determinación de la ploidia del ADN por citofotometría en líquidos pleural y abdominal y su correlación con diagnóstico citológico convencional (Estudio de 40 casos) / (DNA ploidym image cytometry and cytology of pleural and abdominal fluids)

Se realiza un análisis prospectivo de 40 líquidos corporales, 22 abdominales y 18 pleurales, recibidos en un lapso de 5 meses. Se estableció una correlación entre el exámen citológico de rutina y la ploidia del ADN, determinada por citofotometría. De los 25 casos clasificados citológicamente como benignos, 21 fueron diploides y 4 aneuploides; sólo uno de estos últimos al revaluarse la citología fue considerado como no neoplásico, los otros 3 fueron falsos negativos. De los 15 casos considerados citológicamente como malignos, 3 fueron diploides y sólo uno de estos fue un falso positivo por citología. Los otros 2 fueron: 1 linfoma y 1 mesotelioma, mismos que con gran frecuencia pueden ser diploides. La sensibilidad y la especificidad por ambos métodos fueron de 77 y 95 por ciento y de 94 y 95 por ciento respectivamente. De lo anterior concluimos que la Cl nos puede ayudar a detectar aneuploidia en algunos casos diagnosticados en citología como falsos negativos (3 de nuestros casos); pero en algunos casos las células malignas pueden ser diploides (20 por ciento de nuestros casos) y entonces la Cl no nos permitiría detectarlos como malignos y es aquí donde la citología de rutina es indispensable